diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 723d914..b76b382 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@
     "electron": "npm run build && electron apps/electron/main.mjs",
     "cap:sync": "npm run build && npm --prefix apps/capacitor exec cap sync",
     "format": "prettier --write \"**/*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx,json,css,md}\"",
-    "prepare": "npm run build --workspace packages/core-v2"
+    "prepare": "npm run build --workspace packages/core-v2",
+    "test:feel": "NODE_ENV=development vite build --mode development --config packages/core-v2/verify/browser/app/vite.config.mjs && node packages/core-v2/verify/browser/run.mjs"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@capacitor/app": "^8.0.0",
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/API.md b/packages/core-v2/API.md
index a9acf52..65cc135 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/API.md
+++ b/packages/core-v2/API.md
@@ -220,11 +220,10 @@ const gestures = [forwardGesture, backGesture] as const;
 | `gestures` | `readonly OriginGestureDefinition[]` | required | Fully defined page-owned rules |
 
 The component adds no recognition or navigation policy. It installs each
-definition, forwards every pointer and touch event to every recognizer, and
-lets the recognizers share the touch: each locks onto a touch moving along its
-own axis and direction and lets go of any other, so a horizontal drawer, a
-pull-up sheet, and vertical scrolling can live on one host. See
-[Scrolling](#scrolling).
+definition, forwards every pointer event to every recognizer, and derives one
+`touch-action` that leaves native scrolling on every pan no gesture needs. A
+horizontal drawer and a scroll-edge pull-down can share a host with vertical
+scrolling. See [Scrolling](#scrolling).
 
 The `gestures` list is reactive, including its length. Recognizers are kept per list position, so a re-render with new
 definition objects never interrupts a gesture in progress; each change applies
@@ -546,25 +545,43 @@ interface OriginGestureBinding {
   readonly onPointerup: (event: PointerEvent) => void;
   readonly onPointercancel: () => void;
   readonly onLostpointercapture: (event: PointerEvent) => void;
-  readonly onTouchmove: (event: TouchEvent) => void;
+  readonly listeners: Readonly<Record<string, (event: Event) => void>>;
+  readonly ref: (element: unknown) => void;
 }
 ```
 
-Apply all handlers to the same element, as non-passive listeners (Vue's
-`@touchmove` is), and apply the returned style. The style sets dimensions and
-`touch-action: manipulation`; `onTouchmove` is what keeps native scrolling out
-of a gesture the recognizer has claimed. Without it, the browser takes over
-vertical and horizontal drags with `pointercancel`.
+Apply the pointer handlers, the returned style, and `listeners` to the same
+element, and pass `ref` as its function ref:
+
+```vue
+<div
+  :ref="binding.ref"
+  :style="binding.style"
+  v-bind="binding.listeners"
+  @pointerdown="binding.onPointerdown"
+  @pointermove="binding.onPointermove"
+  @pointerup="binding.onPointerup"
+  @pointercancel="binding.onPointercancel"
+  @lostpointercapture="binding.onLostpointercapture"
+/>
+```
+
+The style sets dimensions and the host's `touch-action` (see
+[Scrolling](#scrolling)). `listeners` is empty for ordinary gestures; for
+scroll-edge gestures it tracks the scroller, and where the browser lacks
+directional `touch-action` it adds a `touchmove` handler.
 
 Recognition requires:
 
 1. A primary, left-button pointer satisfies the optional start policy.
 2. The target is not an ignored interactive element.
-3. The first 6px of movement are along the gesture's axis and direction (see
-   [Scrolling](#scrolling)).
-4. Directed movement reaches `threshold`.
-5. Directed movement exceeds cross-axis movement by `axisDominance`.
-6. The navigation factory returns an intent.
+3. Directed movement from the pointer-down point reaches `threshold`.
+4. Directed movement exceeds cross-axis movement by `axisDominance`.
+5. The navigation factory returns an intent.
+
+Recognition is measured from where the pointer went down and keeps watching
+until the pointer lifts, so a slightly wobbly or backward start only delays
+it.
 
 Progress is directed distance divided by the gesture's `distance` (by default
 the host's width or height). Past either end, the excess reaches
@@ -927,24 +944,43 @@ cause:
 
 ### Scrolling
 
-Gestures and native scrolling share the same touches. Each recognizer decides
-within the first 6px of movement whether a touch is its own:
+Native scrolling stays in the browser's hands: gesture hosts never make it
+wait for JavaScript. Each host gets a `touch-action` that keeps every pan no
+gesture needs:
 
-- **along its axis and direction**: it holds the touch, and the binding's
-  `onTouchmove` cancels native scrolling while it does;
-- **along the other axis, or the opposite way**: it lets go, and the browser
-  scrolls (or another gesture on the host takes it);
-- **diagonal**: it keeps watching until the movement is clear.
+| Gestures on the host                                            | `touch-action`   |
+| --------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------- |
+| Horizontal only                                                 | `pan-y`          |
+| Vertical only                                                   | `pan-x`          |
+| Both axes                                                       | `none`           |
+| `.from.scrollEdge(list, "top")` + `.to.down()`, list at the top | `pan-x pan-down` |
+| The same, list scrolled                                         | `manipulation`   |
 
-Browsers hold back the first cancelable `touchmove` for roughly 15–20px, so the
-decision is made before native scrolling can start. This is why gesture hosts
-use `touch-action: manipulation`: the browser may pan either axis, and the
-recognizers keep it from doing so only for touches they claim. A vertical
-dismiss gesture therefore no longer disables vertical scrolling; combine it
-with `.from.scrollEdge()` so it only claims a downward drag at the top.
+The browser therefore scrolls the free axis natively from the first frame,
+and touches on a gesture's axis reach the recognizer untouched.
 
-Nested scrollers need nothing special. Their `touchmove` events bubble to the
-gesture host, which cancels them only while it holds the touch.
+A gesture that shares its axis with a scroller, such as drag-down-to-dismiss
+above a list, uses `.from.scrollEdge()`. While the list is at that edge, the
+host reserves only the one pan the gesture needs: at the top, dragging down is
+the gesture's and dragging up still scrolls the list natively. This is the
+pull-to-refresh pattern from the Pointer Events specification, and it relies
+on direction-specific `touch-action` values (`pan-down` and its siblings). The
+host follows the list's scroll position through a passive scroll listener, so
+the right value is in place before each touch starts.
+
+Browsers without direction-specific values (Safari) fall back to deciding in
+JavaScript: the host keeps the axis pannable and cancels native scrolling
+from a `touchmove` handler for touches the gesture claims, at the browser's
+first cancelable `touchmove` (after roughly 15–20px of movement). Blocking
+touch handlers make the browser wait for JavaScript on every move, so this
+fallback is used only for scroll-edge gestures and only where it is needed.
+
+Nested scroll containers: browsers apply `touch-action` only up to the nearest
+scroll container, so a list scrolling inside a horizontal gesture host would
+otherwise let the browser take horizontal drags and cancel the gesture. Each
+host publishes its value as the inherited `--nvo-touch-action` custom property,
+and the package stylesheet applies it to descendants, so nested lists keep
+`pan-y` too. This requires `@native-vue-router/core-v2/style.css`.
 
 ### Ignored elements
 
@@ -952,7 +988,9 @@ Pointer-down on `input`, `textarea`, `select`, `option`, or
 `[contenteditable="true"]` never starts a gesture, so text selection and
 form controls keep working. Mark anything else that must keep its own drags
 with `data-origin-gesture="ignore"`, for example a horizontally scrolling chip
-row or a slider inside a host that has a horizontal gesture.
+row or a slider inside a host that has a horizontal gesture. Ignored subtrees
+also get `touch-action: auto` back from the package stylesheet, so a chip row
+scrolls horizontally inside a horizontal gesture host.
 
 ### Animation performance
 
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGesture.vue b/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGesture.vue
index c7dbcb8..95b3e13 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGesture.vue
+++ b/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGesture.vue
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ const gesture = useOriginGesture(() => props.gesture);
 <template>
   <component
     :is="as"
-    v-bind="$attrs"
+    :ref="gesture.ref"
+    v-bind="{ ...$attrs, ...gesture.listeners }"
     class="nvo-gesture"
     :style="gesture.style"
     @pointerdown="gesture.onPointerdown"
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ const gesture = useOriginGesture(() => props.gesture);
     @pointerup="gesture.onPointerup"
     @pointercancel="gesture.onPointercancel"
     @lostpointercapture="gesture.onLostpointercapture"
-    @touchmove="gesture.onTouchmove"
   >
     <slot />
   </component>
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGestureSurface.vue b/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGestureSurface.vue
index 2f46bba..3e4e710 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGestureSurface.vue
+++ b/packages/core-v2/src/components/OriginGestureSurface.vue
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ const surface = useOriginGestures(() => props.gestures);
 <template>
   <component
     :is="as"
-    v-bind="$attrs"
+    :ref="surface.ref"
+    v-bind="{ ...$attrs, ...surface.listeners }"
     class="nvo-gesture"
     :style="[$attrs.style, surface.style]"
     @pointerdown="surface.onPointerdown"
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ const surface = useOriginGestures(() => props.gestures);
     @pointerup="surface.onPointerup"
     @pointercancel="surface.onPointercancel"
     @lostpointercapture="surface.onLostpointercapture"
-    @touchmove="surface.onTouchmove"
   >
     <slot />
   </component>
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/definition.ts b/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/definition.ts
index ff523ff..c89cc0a 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/definition.ts
+++ b/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/definition.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import { toValue, type CSSProperties, type MaybeRefOrGetter } from "vue";
+import type { CSSProperties, MaybeRefOrGetter } from "vue";
 import type { OriginChoreography } from "../choreography";
 import type { OriginNavigationIntent } from "../navigation";
 import type { OriginContext } from "../scene/types";
 import type { OriginRect } from "../shared";
-import { withinEdge } from "./recognizer";
+import { isAtScrollEdge, withinEdge } from "./recognizer";
 
 /*
  * What a gesture is: the public gesture types, component props, and the
@@ -78,6 +78,15 @@ export type OriginGestureStart =
       /** Recognize pointer-down when application policy returns `true`. */
       readonly kind: "when";
       readonly predicate: OriginGestureStartPredicate;
+    }
+  | {
+      /**
+       * Recognize pointer-down while a scroller is at one edge. The gesture
+       * shares its axis with that scroller's native scrolling.
+       */
+      readonly kind: "scroll-edge";
+      readonly scroller: OriginGestureScroller;
+      readonly edge: OriginGestureEdge;
     };
 
 /** Direction-recognition tuning accepted by `.to.left()` and its siblings. */
@@ -324,8 +333,10 @@ export interface OriginGestureBuilder {
 /**
  * DOM bindings returned by {@link useOriginGesture}.
  *
- * Attach all six handlers to the same `HTMLElement`, and apply
- * {@link style}.
+ * Attach the pointer handlers to the same `HTMLElement` (and `onTouchmove`
+ * when {@link needsTouchmove} is true), and apply
+ * {@link style}: its `touch-action` keeps native scrolling on every axis no
+ * gesture claims.
  */
 export interface OriginGestureBinding {
   /**
@@ -347,11 +358,28 @@ export interface OriginGestureBinding {
    */
   readonly onLostpointercapture: (event: PointerEvent) => void;
   /**
-   * Touch-move handler. Cancels native scrolling while a recognizer holds
-   * the touch, and leaves it alone once every recognizer has let go. It must
-   * be attached as a non-passive listener (Vue's `@touchmove` is).
+   * Touch-move handler for gestures that share an axis with native scrolling
+   * (`.from.scrollEdge()`): it cancels scrolling for a touch such a gesture
+   * claims, and leaves every other touch to the browser. Attach it as a
+   * non-passive listener (Vue's `@touchmove` is), and only when
+   * {@link needsTouchmove} is true.
    */
   readonly onTouchmove: (event: TouchEvent) => void;
+  /**
+   * Whether any gesture shares an axis with scrolling, so `onTouchmove` must
+   * be attached. Leave it off otherwise: a non-passive touch listener makes
+   * the browser wait for JavaScript on every touch move, which costs frames.
+   */
+  readonly needsTouchmove: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Extra listeners the host needs, as Vue props: `v-bind` them on the host.
+   * Scroll-edge gestures track their scroller here (a passive scroll
+   * listener), plus `onTouchmove` where the browser lacks directional
+   * `touch-action`. Empty for ordinary gestures.
+   */
+  readonly listeners: Readonly<Record<string, (event: Event) => void>>;
+  /** Function ref for the host element: `:ref="binding.ref"`. */
+  readonly ref: (element: unknown) => void;
 }
 
 // Component props ----------------------------------------------------------
@@ -517,7 +545,7 @@ const fromBuilder: OriginGestureFromBuilder = Object.freeze({
   when: (predicate: OriginGestureStartPredicate) =>
     fromStage({ kind: "when", predicate }),
   scrollEdge: (scroller: OriginGestureScroller, edge: OriginGestureEdge) =>
-    fromStage({ kind: "when", predicate: atScrollEdge(scroller, edge) }),
+    fromStage({ kind: "scroll-edge", scroller, edge }),
 });
 
 // Start rules ---------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -555,25 +583,8 @@ export const atScrollEdge =
     scroller: OriginGestureScroller,
     edge: OriginGestureEdge,
   ): OriginGestureStartPredicate =>
-  ({ host }) => {
-    const element =
-      typeof scroller === "string"
-        ? host.querySelector(scroller)
-        : toValue(scroller);
-    if (!element) return true;
-    const { scrollTop, scrollLeft, scrollHeight, scrollWidth } = element;
-    const { clientHeight, clientWidth } = element;
-    switch (edge) {
-      case "top":
-        return scrollTop <= 0;
-      case "bottom":
-        return scrollTop + clientHeight >= scrollHeight - 1;
-      case "left":
-        return scrollLeft <= 0;
-      case "right":
-        return scrollLeft + clientWidth >= scrollWidth - 1;
-    }
-  };
+  ({ host }) =>
+    isAtScrollEdge(scroller, edge, host);
 
 /** Admit pointer-down when any of `predicates` does. */
 export const anyOf =
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/recognizer.ts b/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/recognizer.ts
index ca62e9c..5c49ed9 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/recognizer.ts
+++ b/packages/core-v2/src/gesture/recognizer.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-import { computed, onScopeDispose, toValue, type MaybeRefOrGetter } from "vue";
+import {
+  computed,
+  onScopeDispose,
+  shallowRef,
+  toValue,
+  type MaybeRefOrGetter,
+} from "vue";
 import type { OriginAction } from "../navigation";
 import { DEFAULT_COMMIT_THRESHOLD, OriginSceneError } from "../scene/graph";
 import { useOrigin, type UseOrigin } from "../scene/scene";
@@ -13,6 +19,7 @@ import type {
   OriginGestureEdge,
   OriginGesturePoint,
   OriginGestureProgressDistance,
+  OriginGestureScroller,
   OriginGestureStart,
 } from "./definition";
 
@@ -54,17 +61,84 @@ export const crossDistance = (
   return isHorizontal(direction) ? Math.abs(dy) : Math.abs(dx);
 };
 
+/** Whether a gesture shares its axis with native scrolling. */
+export const sharesScroll = (definition: OriginGestureDefinition): boolean =>
+  definition.start.kind === "scroll-edge";
+
 /**
- * CSS `touch-action` for a gesture host. Recognizers arbitrate with native
- * scrolling themselves (see `onTouchmove`), so the browser may pan either axis
- * and is only kept from double-tap zooming; a host without gestures is left
- * alone.
+ * Whether the browser supports direction-specific `touch-action` values
+ * (`pan-up`, `pan-down`, …). Chromium does; where it is missing (Safari),
+ * scroll-edge gestures fall back to claiming touches from JavaScript.
+ */
+export const supportsDirectionalPan = (): boolean =>
+  typeof CSS !== "undefined" &&
+  typeof CSS.supports === "function" &&
+  CSS.supports("touch-action", "pan-down");
+
+type PanDirection = "left" | "right" | "up" | "down";
+
+/**
+ * The pan a finger moving `direction` would start. A finger moving down pans
+ * the content up (toward its top), which is what pull-to-refresh reserves.
+ */
+const PAN_OF: Record<OriginGestureDirection, PanDirection> = {
+  down: "up",
+  up: "down",
+  left: "right",
+  right: "left",
+};
+
+/**
+ * CSS `touch-action` for a gesture host. The browser keeps every pan that no
+ * gesture needs, so native scrolling never waits for JavaScript:
+ *
+ * - a gesture that owns its axis removes that axis (`pan-y` remains for a
+ *   horizontal gesture);
+ * - a gesture sharing its axis with a scroller (`.from.scrollEdge()`) removes
+ *   only the one pan its finger direction would start, and only while the
+ *   scroller is at its edge (`pan-x pan-down` for drag-down at the top), the
+ *   pull-to-refresh pattern from the Pointer Events specification.
+ *
+ * @param atEdge - Whether a scroll-edge definition's scroller is at its edge.
+ * @param directional - Whether directional pan values are supported; without
+ * them, shared axes stay fully pannable and `onTouchmove` claims touches.
  */
 export const touchActionFor = (
-  directions: Iterable<OriginGestureDirection>,
-): "manipulation" | "auto" => {
-  for (const _ of directions) return "manipulation";
-  return "auto";
+  definitions: Iterable<Pick<OriginGestureDefinition, "direction" | "start">>,
+  atEdge: (
+    definition: Pick<OriginGestureDefinition, "start">,
+  ) => boolean = () => false,
+  directional = supportsDirectionalPan(),
+): string => {
+  const pans = new Set<PanDirection>(["left", "right", "up", "down"]);
+  let any = false;
+  for (const definition of definitions) {
+    any = true;
+    if (definition.start.kind === "scroll-edge") {
+      if (directional && atEdge(definition))
+        pans.delete(PAN_OF[definition.direction]);
+      continue;
+    }
+    const pair: PanDirection[] = isHorizontal(definition.direction)
+      ? ["left", "right"]
+      : ["up", "down"];
+    for (const pan of pair) pans.delete(pan);
+  }
+  if (!any) return "auto";
+  if (pans.size === 4) return "manipulation";
+  if (pans.size === 0) return "none";
+  const axis = (a: PanDirection, b: PanDirection, both: string) =>
+    pans.has(a) && pans.has(b)
+      ? [both]
+      : pans.has(a)
+        ? [`pan-${a}`]
+        : pans.has(b)
+          ? [`pan-${b}`]
+          : [];
+  return [
+    ...axis("left", "right", "pan-x"),
+    ...axis("up", "down", "pan-y"),
+  ].join(" ");
 };
 
 // Pointer-down admission ----------------------------------------------------
@@ -163,10 +237,40 @@ export const matchesStart = (
   const point = pointOf(event, bounds);
   if (start.kind === "when")
     return start.predicate({ event, origin, host, bounds, point });
+  if (start.kind === "scroll-edge")
+    return isAtScrollEdge(start.scroller, start.edge, host);
 
   return withinEdge(start.edge, start.distance, host, bounds, point);
 };
 
+/**
+ * Whether `scroller` is scrolled all the way to `edge`. A scroller that is
+ * missing (not yet mounted) counts as at the edge.
+ */
+export const isAtScrollEdge = (
+  scroller: OriginGestureScroller,
+  edge: OriginGestureEdge,
+  host: HTMLElement,
+): boolean => {
+  const element =
+    typeof scroller === "string"
+      ? host.querySelector(scroller)
+      : toValue(scroller);
+  if (!element) return true;
+  const { scrollTop, scrollLeft, scrollHeight, scrollWidth } = element;
+  const { clientHeight, clientWidth } = element;
+  switch (edge) {
+    case "top":
+      return scrollTop <= 0;
+    case "bottom":
+      return scrollTop + clientHeight >= scrollHeight - 1;
+    case "left":
+      return scrollLeft <= 0;
+    case "right":
+      return scrollLeft + clientWidth >= scrollWidth - 1;
+  }
+};
+
 /** Whether `point` lies within `distance` of one side of the host. */
 export const withinEdge = (
   edge: OriginGestureEdge,
@@ -244,7 +348,7 @@ export class DirectionalTracker {
   }
 
   /** Movement from the start without recording a sample. */
-  displacement(event: PointerSample) {
+  displacement(event: Pick<PointerSample, "clientX" | "clientY">) {
     const dx = event.clientX - this.start.clientX;
     const dy = event.clientY - this.start.clientY;
     return {
@@ -295,12 +399,6 @@ export class DirectionalTracker {
 const DEFAULT_THRESHOLD = 8;
 /** Ratio by which directed movement must exceed cross-axis movement. */
 const DEFAULT_AXIS_DOMINANCE = 1.15;
-/**
- * Movement in CSS pixels after which a recognizer decides whether a touch is
- * along its axis. Browsers hold back the first cancelable `touchmove` for
- * roughly 15–20px, so the decision is made before native scrolling can start.
- */
-const AXIS_LOCK_DISTANCE = 6;
 
 /** Resolve a definition's progress distance at pointer-down, in pixels. */
 export const resolveProgressDistance = (
@@ -340,11 +438,12 @@ interface PointerSession {
   readonly startTime: number;
   readonly tracker: DirectionalTracker;
   /**
-   * Whether the movement so far is along this gesture's axis and direction
-   * (`ours`) or still too small or too diagonal to tell (`pending`). A touch
-   * that turns out to be someone else's closes the session instead.
+   * For a gesture sharing its axis with scrolling: whether it has claimed
+   * this touch from native scrolling (`ours`) or not yet decided.
    */
-  axis: "pending" | "ours";
+  scroll: "pending" | "ours";
+  /** Latest pointer position, for the touch-move decision. */
+  last: { readonly clientX: number; readonly clientY: number };
   /** Movement passed the recognition threshold and the pointer is captured. */
   captured: boolean;
   /** Releasing now would commit; drives `.onArm()` and `.onDisarm()`. */
@@ -387,11 +486,37 @@ export class GestureRecognizer {
   ) {}
 
   /**
-   * Whether this recognizer currently holds the touch, so native scrolling
-   * must not start: its session is open and has not ruled the touch out.
+   * Called for each `touchmove`: whether native scrolling must be cancelled.
+   *
+   * Only gestures that share an axis with scrolling take part. The browser
+   * sends its first cancelable `touchmove` after roughly 15–20px of movement,
+   * so the decision uses all of that movement: along this gesture's axis and
+   * direction claims the touch; clearly elsewhere lets it go to the browser
+   * (which then scrolls and sends `pointercancel`); unclear holds it for one
+   * more move.
    */
-  get intercepts(): boolean {
-    return this.session !== null;
+  claimTouch(): boolean {
+    const session = this.session;
+    if (!session || !sharesScroll(session.definition)) return false;
+    if (session.captured || session.scroll === "ours") return true;
+    const { distance, crossDistance } = session.tracker.displacement(
+      session.last,
+    );
+    const dominance =
+      session.definition.recognition.axisDominance ?? DEFAULT_AXIS_DOMINANCE;
+    const along = Math.abs(distance);
+    if (distance > 0 && along >= crossDistance * dominance) {
+      session.scroll = "ours";
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (
+      along >= crossDistance * dominance ||
+      crossDistance >= along * dominance
+    ) {
+      this.session = null;
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
   }
 
   pointerDown(event: PointerEvent): void {
@@ -433,7 +558,8 @@ export class GestureRecognizer {
           bounds,
         ),
       ),
-      axis: "pending",
+      scroll: "pending",
+      last: { clientX: event.clientX, clientY: event.clientY },
       captured: false,
       armed: false,
       operation: null,
@@ -445,8 +571,8 @@ export class GestureRecognizer {
     const session = this.sessionFor(event);
     if (!session) return;
 
+    session.last = { clientX: event.clientX, clientY: event.clientY };
     if (!session.captured) {
-      if (!this.lockAxis(session, event)) return;
       if (!GestureRecognizer.recognizes(session, event)) return;
       session.captured = true;
       session.host.setPointerCapture?.(session.pointerId);
@@ -537,35 +663,6 @@ export class GestureRecognizer {
     await handle?.cancel();
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Decide, early in the movement, whether this touch is along the gesture's
-   * axis and direction. A touch that is clearly someone else's (the other
-   * axis, or the opposite way) closes the session, which hands it to native
-   * scrolling or to another recognizer.
-   *
-   * @returns Whether the session is still open.
-   */
-  private lockAxis(session: PointerSession, event: PointerEvent): boolean {
-    if (session.axis === "ours") return true;
-    const { distance, crossDistance } = session.tracker.displacement(event);
-    const along = Math.abs(distance);
-    if (Math.max(along, crossDistance) < AXIS_LOCK_DISTANCE) return true;
-    const dominance =
-      session.definition.recognition.axisDominance ?? DEFAULT_AXIS_DOMINANCE;
-    if (along >= crossDistance * dominance && distance > 0) {
-      session.axis = "ours";
-      return true;
-    }
-    if (
-      along >= crossDistance * dominance ||
-      crossDistance >= along * dominance
-    ) {
-      this.session = null;
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true; // Diagonal: keep watching.
-  }
-
   /** Fire `.onArm()` / `.onDisarm()` when the release decision would flip. */
   private updateArming(session: PointerSession, event: PointerEvent) {
     const { definition, tracker } = session;
@@ -691,24 +788,80 @@ export const useOriginGestures = (
     return recognizers;
   };
 
-  const style = computed(() => ({
-    width: "100%",
-    height: "100%",
-    // Preserve native scrolling on any axis no gesture claims.
-    touchAction: touchActionFor(
-      toValue(definitions).map(({ direction }) => direction),
-    ),
-  }));
+  // The host element, for scroll-edge state and selector scrollers.
+  const host = shallowRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);
+  // Bumped by scroll events; touch-action re-reads scroll edges on change.
+  const scrolled = shallowRef(0);
+  const directional = supportsDirectionalPan();
+  const atEdge = (definition: Pick<OriginGestureDefinition, "start">) => {
+    const { start } = definition;
+    if (start.kind !== "scroll-edge") return false;
+    const element = host.value;
+    if (!element && typeof start.scroller === "string") return true;
+    return isAtScrollEdge(start.scroller, start.edge, element!);
+  };
+  // A string, so hosts re-render only when touch-action actually changes,
+  // never merely because something scrolled.
+  const touchAction = computed(() => {
+    void scrolled.value;
+    return touchActionFor(toValue(definitions), atEdge, directional);
+  });
+  const sharesScrollAxis = computed(() =>
+    toValue(definitions).some(sharesScroll),
+  );
+
+  const style = computed(() => {
+    const value = touchAction.value;
+    return {
+      width: "100%",
+      height: "100%",
+      // Native scrolling stays on every pan no gesture needs.
+      touchAction: value,
+      // Inherited by descendants through the package stylesheet, so nested
+      // scroll containers (where browsers restart touch-action) keep it too.
+      "--nvo-touch-action": value,
+    };
+  });
 
   // A recognizer whose component unmounts mid-gesture cancels its operation.
   onScopeDispose(() => {
     for (const recognizer of recognizers.splice(0)) void recognizer.abandon();
   });
 
+  // Only without directional touch-action do scroll-edge gestures need to
+  // claim touches from JavaScript, the one path that blocks scrolling.
+  const needsTouchmove = computed(() => sharesScrollAxis.value && !directional);
+
+  const onTouchmove = (event: TouchEvent) => {
+    if (!event.cancelable) return;
+    // Ask every recognizer: each one may let go of the touch as it answers.
+    let claimed = false;
+    for (const recognizer of current())
+      if (recognizer.claimTouch()) claimed = true;
+    if (claimed) event.preventDefault();
+  };
+  const onScrollCapture = () => {
+    scrolled.value += 1;
+  };
+  const listeners = computed(() => ({
+    ...(sharesScrollAxis.value ? { onScrollCapture } : {}),
+    ...(needsTouchmove.value ? { onTouchmove } : {}),
+  }));
+
   return {
     get style() {
       return style.value;
     },
+    get needsTouchmove() {
+      return needsTouchmove.value;
+    },
+    get listeners() {
+      return listeners.value as Record<string, (event: Event) => void>;
+    },
+    ref: (element) => {
+      host.value = element instanceof HTMLElement ? element : null;
+      scrolled.value += 1;
+    },
     onPointerdown: (event) => {
       for (const recognizer of current()) recognizer.pointerDown(event);
     },
@@ -725,12 +878,7 @@ export const useOriginGestures = (
       for (const recognizer of current())
         void recognizer.pointerCaptureLost(event);
     },
-    onTouchmove: (event) => {
-      // Native scrolling starts at the first touchmove not cancelled, so keep
-      // cancelling while any recognizer still holds the touch.
-      if (event.cancelable && current().some(({ intercepts }) => intercepts))
-        event.preventDefault();
-    },
+    onTouchmove,
   };
 };
 
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/src/style.css b/packages/core-v2/src/style.css
index 597413b..c68179a 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/src/style.css
+++ b/packages/core-v2/src/style.css
@@ -30,6 +30,23 @@
   user-select: none;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Browsers only combine touch-action up to the nearest scroll container, so a
+ * list scrolling inside a horizontal gesture host would otherwise let the
+ * browser take horizontal drags (and cancel the gesture). Each host publishes
+ * its touch-action as an inherited custom property; descendants adopt it.
+ * Zero specificity, so applications can still override any element.
+ */
+.nvo-gesture :where(*) {
+  touch-action: var(--nvo-touch-action);
+}
+
+/* Opted-out subtrees, such as horizontal chip rows, keep their own panning. */
+.nvo-gesture :where([data-origin-gesture="ignore"]),
+.nvo-gesture :where([data-origin-gesture="ignore"] *) {
+  touch-action: auto;
+}
+
 @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
   .nvo-node {
     will-change: auto;
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/tests/gesture.test.ts b/packages/core-v2/tests/gesture.test.ts
index d877d00..95d909f 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/tests/gesture.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core-v2/tests/gesture.test.ts
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe("gesture builder", () => {
     const surface = root.querySelector("#multi-gesture-surface") as HTMLElement;
     expect(surface.tagName).toBe("SECTION");
     expect(surface.classList.contains("nvo-gesture")).toBe(true);
-    expect(surface.style.touchAction).toBe("manipulation");
+    expect(surface.style.touchAction).toBe("none");
     expect(surface.style.width).toBe("100%");
     expect(surface.style.height).toBe("100%");
   });
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/tests/interaction.test.ts b/packages/core-v2/tests/interaction.test.ts
index 5cfe95a..1f93439 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/tests/interaction.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core-v2/tests/interaction.test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   shallowRef,
   type Component,
 } from "vue";
-import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import {
   allOf,
   anyOf,
@@ -104,68 +104,65 @@ const hostFor = (
       ),
   });
 
-describe("axis lock and native scrolling", () => {
+describe("recognition and native scrolling", () => {
   const leftward = gesture.to.left().navigate(toTarget).animate(motion);
 
-  it("holds the touch while undecided or along its axis", async () => {
+  it("leaves scrolling to the browser through touch-action alone", async () => {
     const { scene, host } = await mount(hostFor(leftward));
+    // A horizontal gesture keeps native vertical panning.
+    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("pan-y");
     host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 150, 100, 0));
-    const undecided = touchmove();
-    host.dispatchEvent(undecided);
-    expect(undecided.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
-
     host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 140, 101, 16));
     await flush();
-    const along = touchmove();
-    host.dispatchEvent(along);
-    expect(along.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
-    expect(scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
-  });
-
-  it("lets go of a touch moving along the other axis", async () => {
-    const { scene, host } = await mount(hostFor(leftward));
-    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 150, 100, 0));
-    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 149, 110, 16));
-    const vertical = touchmove();
-    host.dispatchEvent(vertical);
-    expect(vertical.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
-
-    // Later horizontal movement no longer starts the gesture.
-    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 90, 115, 32));
-    await flush();
-    expect(scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(0);
-  });
-
-  it("lets go of a touch moving the opposite way", async () => {
-    const { scene, host } = await mount(hostFor(leftward));
-    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
-    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 110, 100, 16));
-    const opposite = touchmove();
-    host.dispatchEvent(opposite);
-    expect(opposite.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
-    expect(scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(0);
-  });
-
-  it("hands a touch between gestures sharing one host", async () => {
-    const down = gesture.to.down().navigate(toTarget).animate(motion);
-    const Root = defineComponent({
-      setup: () => () =>
-        h(
-          OriginGestureSurface,
-          { id: "host", gestures: [leftward, down] },
-          () => "x",
-        ),
-    });
-    const { scene, host } = await mount(Root);
-    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("manipulation");
-    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
-    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 101, 140, 16));
-    await flush();
-    // The downward gesture took it; the leftward one let go.
-    expect(scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
     const move = touchmove();
     host.dispatchEvent(move);
-    expect(move.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    // Ordinary gestures never block touchmove, so the browser never waits.
+    expect(move.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
+    expect(scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+
+  it("recognizes a swipe that starts with a vertical wobble", async () => {
+    const { scene, host } = await mount(hostFor(leftward));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 150, 100, 0));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 149, 104, 16));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 148, 107, 32));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 120, 108, 48));
+    await flush();
+    expect(scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+
+  it("recognizes a swipe that starts with a wind-up the wrong way", async () => {
+    const { scene, host } = await mount(hostFor(leftward));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 150, 100, 0));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 153, 100, 16));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 156, 100, 32));
+    host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 120, 100, 48));
+    await flush();
+    expect(scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+
+  it("claims touch-action per axis like native scrolling expects", async () => {
+    const down = gesture.to.down().navigate(toTarget).animate(motion);
+    const scroller = shallowRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);
+    const dismiss = gesture.from
+      .scrollEdge(scroller, "top")
+      .to.down()
+      .navigate(toTarget)
+      .animate(motion);
+    const surface = (gestures: OriginGestureDefinition[]) =>
+      defineComponent({
+        setup: () => () =>
+          h(OriginGestureSurface, { id: "host", gestures }, () => "x"),
+      });
+    expect(
+      (await mount(surface([leftward, down]))).host.style.touchAction,
+    ).toBe("none");
+    document.body.innerHTML = "";
+    // A scroll-edge gesture at its edge reserves only its own pan: with the
+    // horizontal gesture claiming pan-x, only scrolling down remains.
+    expect(
+      (await mount(surface([leftward, dismiss]))).host.style.touchAction,
+    ).toBe("pan-down");
   });
 });
 
@@ -185,36 +182,84 @@ describe("scroll edges", () => {
       }),
     );
     const mounted = await mount(Root);
-    Object.defineProperty(scroller.value!, "scrollTop", { value: scrollTop });
-    return mounted;
+    let top = scrollTop;
+    Object.defineProperty(scroller.value!, "scrollTop", {
+      get: () => top,
+      configurable: true,
+    });
+    const scrollTo = async (value: number) => {
+      top = value;
+      scroller.value!.dispatchEvent(new Event("scroll"));
+      await nextTick();
+    };
+    await scrollTo(scrollTop);
+    return { ...mounted, scrollTo };
   }
 
-  it("starts a downward drag only when the scroller is at the top", async () => {
-    const atTop = await mountWithScroller(0);
-    atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
-    atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 140, 16));
-    await flush();
-    expect(atTop.scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
+  describe("with directional touch-action", () => {
+    it("reserves only the dismiss pan while the list is at the top", async () => {
+      const { host, scrollTo } = await mountWithScroller(0);
+      // Dragging up still scrolls natively; dragging down is the gesture's.
+      expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("pan-x pan-down");
+      await scrollTo(120);
+      expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("manipulation");
+      await scrollTo(0);
+      expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("pan-x pan-down");
+    });
+
+    it("never blocks touchmove", async () => {
+      const { host } = await mountWithScroller(0);
+      host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
+      host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 118, 16));
+      const move = touchmove();
+      host.dispatchEvent(move);
+      expect(move.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it("starts a downward drag only when the scroller is at the top", async () => {
+      const atTop = await mountWithScroller(0);
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 140, 16));
+      await flush();
+      expect(atTop.scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it("leaves a scrolled list to scroll", async () => {
+      const scrolled = await mountWithScroller(120);
+      scrolled.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
+      scrolled.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 140, 16));
+      await flush();
+      expect(scrolled.scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
   });
 
-  it("leaves a scrolled list to scroll", async () => {
-    const scrolled = await mountWithScroller(120);
-    scrolled.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
-    const move = touchmove();
-    scrolled.host.dispatchEvent(move);
-    expect(move.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
-    scrolled.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 140, 16));
-    await flush();
-    expect(scrolled.scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(0);
-  });
+  describe("without directional touch-action (Safari)", () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      vi.stubGlobal("CSS", { supports: () => false });
+    });
 
-  it("at the top, still lets an upward drag scroll the list", async () => {
-    const atTop = await mountWithScroller(0);
-    atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 200, 0));
-    atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 180, 16));
-    const move = touchmove();
-    atTop.host.dispatchEvent(move);
-    expect(move.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
+    it("keeps the axis pannable and claims touches from JavaScript", async () => {
+      const atTop = await mountWithScroller(0);
+      expect(atTop.host.style.touchAction).toBe("manipulation");
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 100, 0));
+      // The browser's first cancelable touchmove arrives after its slop.
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 101, 118, 16));
+      const first = touchmove();
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(first);
+      expect(first.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 140, 32));
+      await flush();
+      expect(atTop.scene.operations.value).toHaveLength(1);
+    });
+
+    it("lets an upward drag at the top scroll the list", async () => {
+      const atTop = await mountWithScroller(0);
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 200, 0));
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointermove", 100, 180, 16));
+      const move = touchmove();
+      atTop.host.dispatchEvent(move);
+      expect(move.defaultPrevented).toBe(false);
+    });
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/tests/recognizer.test.ts b/packages/core-v2/tests/recognizer.test.ts
index 4e4fe77..f564850 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/tests/recognizer.test.ts
+++ b/packages/core-v2/tests/recognizer.test.ts
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ describe("reactive gesture props", () => {
     const rightward = gesture.to.right().navigate(toTarget).animate(motion);
     const current = shallowRef(leftward);
     const { scene, host } = await mount(gestureHost(() => current.value));
-    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("manipulation");
+    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("pan-y");
 
     // Swap mid-gesture: the drag in progress keeps the leftward definition.
     host.dispatchEvent(pointer("pointerdown", 180, 0));
@@ -295,14 +295,14 @@ describe("reactive gesture props", () => {
         ),
     });
     const { scene, host } = await mount(Root);
-    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("manipulation");
+    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("pan-y");
 
     list.value = [
       ...list.value,
       gesture.to.down().navigate(toTarget).animate(motion),
     ];
     await nextTick();
-    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("manipulation");
+    expect(host.style.touchAction).toBe("none");
 
     host.dispatchEvent(
       Object.assign(pointer("pointerdown", 100, 0), { clientY: 0 }),
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/verify/README.md b/packages/core-v2/verify/README.md
index 92533e8..79e7e95 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/verify/README.md
+++ b/packages/core-v2/verify/README.md
@@ -19,19 +19,23 @@ Behavioural verification lives with the unit tests: `tests/property.test.ts`
 drives random operation sequences and pointer streams and checks the scene's
 structural invariants after every step. Set `PROPERTY_SEEDS` to run more.
 
-## Real-browser touch checks
+## Real-browser feel tests
 
 `browser/` drives a development build in Chromium with emulated touch input,
-which happy-dom cannot model: implicit touch pointer capture, native scrolling,
-`pointercancel`, and rendered styles. It checks that swipes over scrollers
-commit, that scrolling still works beside gestures, scroll-edge dismissal,
-that `onCommit` runs inside `pointerup`, and the development continuity
-warning.
+which happy-dom cannot model: implicit touch pointer capture, native
+scrolling, `pointercancel`, frame timing, and rendered styles. It checks:
+
+- **recognition** on human-like traces: wobbly and diagonal starts, a small
+  wind-up the wrong way, a twitch at lift-off, slow and short drags, flicks,
+  and vertical scrolls that must not trigger gestures;
+- **frame pacing** while a finger drags (p95 ≤ 20ms, ≤ 5% of frames over
+  20ms) for a horizontal swipe and a scroll-edge dismiss;
+- **behaviour**: swipes over nested scrollers, native scrolling beside
+  gestures, scroll-edge dismissal, `onCommit` inside `pointerup`, and the
+  development continuity warning.
 
 ```sh
-NODE_ENV=development npx vite build --mode development \
-  --config packages/core-v2/verify/browser/app/vite.config.mjs
-node packages/core-v2/verify/browser/run.mjs
+npm run test:feel
 ```
 
 Set `CHROMIUM_PATH` to use a Chromium other than Playwright's own.
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/app/main.ts b/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/app/main.ts
index 21a372f..5a5a777 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/app/main.ts
+++ b/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/app/main.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createApp, defineComponent, h, ref } from "vue";
+import "../../../src/style.css";
 import {
   OriginGesture,
   OriginGestureSurface,
diff --git a/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/run.mjs b/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/run.mjs
index 154cec5..9a817ac 100644
--- a/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/run.mjs
+++ b/packages/core-v2/verify/browser/run.mjs
@@ -165,6 +165,73 @@ const log = (page) => page.evaluate(() => window.log.slice());
   );
   await t.page.close();
 }
+// 5. Recognition feel: human-like traces on the Home swipe (over a nested
+// scroller). Real fingers rarely start cleanly; every trace that should open
+// must open, and the rest must not.
+{
+  const steady = (total, steps, ms = 16) => Array.from({ length: steps }, () => [total / steps, 0, ms]);
+  const traces = [
+    ["clean swipe", steady(-200, 12), true],
+    ["short steady drag (31%)", steady(-120, 10), true],
+    ["wobbly start, then swipe", [[-1, 4, 16], [-1, 3, 16], [-1, 2, 16], ...steady(-200, 12)], true],
+    ["wind-up 6px the wrong way", [[3, 0, 16], [3, 0, 16], ...steady(-206, 12)], true],
+    ["diagonal first 10px", [[-5, -5, 16], [-5, -4, 16], ...steady(-190, 11)], true],
+    ["backward twitch at lift-off", [...steady(-200, 12), [6, 0, 12]], true],
+    ["slow drag to 50%, hold, release", [...steady(-195, 40), [0, 0, 120]], true],
+    ["slow drag to 20%, hold, release", [...steady(-80, 20), [0, 0, 120]], false],
+    ["quick flick (15%)", steady(-60, 4, 10), true],
+    ["vertical scroll", Array.from({ length: 12 }, () => [1, -25, 16]), false],
+  ];
+  for (const [name, steps, shouldOpen] of traces) {
+    const t = await open();
+    let [x, y] = [330, 400];
+    await t.cdp.send("Input.dispatchTouchEvent", { type: "touchStart", touchPoints: [{ x, y }] });
+    for (const [dx, dy, ms] of steps) {
+      x += dx; y += dy;
+      if (dx || dy) await t.cdp.send("Input.dispatchTouchEvent", { type: "touchMove", touchPoints: [{ x, y }] });
+      await t.page.waitForTimeout(ms);
+    }
+    await t.cdp.send("Input.dispatchTouchEvent", { type: "touchEnd", touchPoints: [] });
+    await t.page.waitForTimeout(800);
+    const opened = (await states(t.page)) === "root:parked detail:active";
+    check(`recognition: ${name} ${shouldOpen ? "opens" : "stays"}`, opened === shouldOpen, opened ? "opened" : "stayed");
+    await t.page.close();
+  }
+}
+
+// 6. Frame pacing while a finger drags: no dropped frames from blocking
+// touch handling. Regressions measured p95 ≈ 28ms and ~30% of frames > 20ms.
+async function pacing(query, setup, from, to) {
+  const gaps = [];
+  for (let run = 0; run < 6; run++) {
+    const t = await open(query);
+    await setup(t);
+    await t.page.evaluate(() => { window.f = []; const loop = () => { window.f.push(performance.now()); window.r = requestAnimationFrame(loop); }; window.r = requestAnimationFrame(loop); });
+    await t.cdp.send("Input.dispatchTouchEvent", { type: "touchStart", touchPoints: [{ x: from[0], y: from[1] }] });
+    for (let i = 1; i <= 40; i++) {
+      await t.cdp.send("Input.dispatchTouchEvent", { type: "touchMove", touchPoints: [{ x: from[0] + ((to[0] - from[0]) * i) / 40, y: from[1] + ((to[1] - from[1]) * i) / 40 }] });
+      await t.page.waitForTimeout(16);
+    }
+    const f = await t.page.evaluate(() => { cancelAnimationFrame(window.r); return window.f; });
+    await t.cdp.send("Input.dispatchTouchEvent", { type: "touchEnd", touchPoints: [] });
+    gaps.push(...f.slice(1).map((v, i) => v - f[i]));
+    await t.page.close();
+  }
+  gaps.sort((a, b) => a - b);
+  return { p95: gaps[Math.floor(0.95 * (gaps.length - 1))], over20: gaps.filter((g) => g > 20).length / gaps.length };
+}
+const openDetail = async (t) => { await drag(t, [340, 400], [60, 405]); };
+for (const [name, result] of [
+  ["horizontal swipe drag", await pacing("", async () => {}, [340, 300], [40, 300])],
+  ["scroll-edge dismiss drag", await pacing("", openDetail, [200, 200], [200, 600])],
+]) {
+  check(
+    `pacing: ${name} p95 ≤ 20ms and ≤ 5% of frames over 20ms`,
+    result.p95 <= 20 && result.over20 <= 0.05,
+    `p95=${result.p95.toFixed(1)}ms over20=${(result.over20 * 100).toFixed(1)}%`,
+  );
+}
+
 // 4. Continuity warning.
 for (const [name, expectWarning] of [
   ["matched", false],